All Linux commands

7z Create, list, test, and extract 7-Zip archives. archivecompressextract7zip ab Benchmark HTTP server performance with ApacheBench. httpbenchmarkapacheperformance accept Allow print jobs to be submitted to a printer destination. printercupsqueuejobs ack Search source code with an ack-style text searcher. searchgrepcodetext ag Search source code quickly with The Silver Searcher. searchgrepcodesilver searcher alias Create shortcuts for shell commands. shellshortcutcommandbash apachectl Control and inspect the Apache HTTP server. apachehttpdweb serverservice apk Manage packages on Alpine Linux. alpinepackageinstallupdate apropos Search manual page names and descriptions. helpmanualsearchman apt Manage packages on Debian and Ubuntu systems. packageinstallupdatedebian apt-get Install, upgrade, and remove packages on Debian and Ubuntu systems. packageinstallupdatedebian apt-key Manage legacy APT trusted keys. aptkeyrepositorydebian apt-sortpkgs Sort Debian package index or source files. aptpackagedebiansort aptitude Manage Debian packages with an interactive or command-line interface. debianubuntupackageinstall ar Create, modify, and inspect Unix archive files. archivelibraryobject filesdevelopment arch Print the machine hardware architecture. architecturecpusystemmachine arj Create or extract ARJ archive files. archivearjcompressextract arp Display or modify the ARP neighbor cache. arpnetworkneighborsethernet arpd User-space ARP cache daemon for Linux neighbor entries. arpdaemonneighbornetwork arping Send ARP requests to a host on the local network. arppingnetworklocal link arptables Manage legacy ARP packet filtering rules. arpfirewallpacket filternetwork arpwatch Monitor ARP activity and detect MAC address changes. arpmonitoringmacnetwork as Assemble source code into object files with GNU assembler. assemblerbinutilsobject filedevelopment at Schedule a command to run once at a later time. schedulejobtimeautomation atop Monitor system and process activity over time. processmonitorperformancesystem atq List queued jobs scheduled with at. scheduleatqueuejobs atrm Remove jobs scheduled with at. scheduleatremovejobs awk Process text files by fields and patterns. textfieldscolumnsreports axel Download files using multiple connections. downloadhttpftpaccelerator badblocks Check a disk device for bad blocks. diskfilesystemstoragehealth base64 Encode or decode Base64 data. base64encodedecodetext basename Strip directory and optional suffix from a path. pathfilenamescriptshell batch Run commands later when system load permits. scheduleloadatjobs bc Run an arbitrary precision calculator language. calculatormathshelldecimal beep Play a tone through the PC speaker when supported. soundalertterminalspeaker bg Resume a suspended shell job in the background. shelljobsbackgroundprocess bind Show or change Bash Readline key bindings. bashreadlinekeyboardshell blkid Show block device identifiers such as UUID, label, and filesystem type. diskuuidfilesystempartition blockdev Call block device ioctls from the command line. block devicediskstorageioctl break Exit from a shell loop. shellloopscriptcontrol flow builtin Run a shell builtin explicitly. shellbuiltinbashcommand bunzip2 Decompress bzip2-compressed files. bzip2decompressarchivefiles bye Exit an FTP session in interactive clients. ftpsessionexitnetwork bzcat Decompress bzip2 files to standard output. bzip2decompressstdouttext bzcmp Compare bzip2-compressed files without manual decompression. bzip2comparediffcompressed bzdiff Diff bzip2-compressed files without manual decompression. bzip2diffcomparecompressed bzgrep Search bzip2-compressed files for a pattern. bzip2grepsearchcompressed bzip2 Compress files with the bzip2 compression format. bzip2compressarchivefiles bzip2recover Recover usable blocks from damaged bzip2 files. bzip2recoverdamagedarchive bzless View bzip2-compressed text files one screen at a time. bzip2lesspagertext bzmore View bzip2-compressed text files page by page. bzip2morepagertext cal Display a calendar in the terminal. calendardateterminaltime cancel Cancel print jobs in a CUPS print queue. printercupsqueuejobs cat Print, combine, and redirect file contents. fileprinttextconcatenate cd Change the current shell directory. directorynavigationshellpath cdrecord Record data or audio tracks to optical media. cddvdburnoptical chage View and change user password aging information. passwordaccountexpirationuser chattr Change extended file attributes on Linux filesystems. fileattributesimmutablefilesystem chcon Change SELinux security context for files. selinuxcontextsecurityfile chfn Change user finger information. useraccountgecosidentity chgrp Change group ownership of files and directories. groupownershipfilespermissions chkconfig Manage SysV service startup links on older systems. servicesysvinitstartuprunlevel chmod Change file and directory permissions. permissionsexecutablefilessecurity chown Change file owner and group. permissionsownergroupfiles chpasswd Update passwords in batch mode. passworduserbatchaccount chroot Run a command with a different root directory. rootfilesystemrescueisolation chsh Change a user's login shell. shelluseraccountlogin cksum Print CRC checksum and byte count for files. checksumcrcfileverify clear Clear the terminal screen. terminalscreenshelldisplay clock Read or set the hardware clock on older systems. timehardware clockrtcsystem clockdiff Measure clock difference between hosts using network probes. timenetworkclockdiagnostics cmp Compare two files byte by byte. comparefilebinarydiff col Filter reverse line feeds and terminal control characters. textfilterterminalformatting colrm Remove selected columns from text lines. textcolumnsfiltercut column Format text into aligned columns or tables. texttableformatcolumns comm Compare two sorted files line by line. comparesortedtextlines command Run a command while bypassing shell functions. shellbuiltinpathscript compress Compress files with the legacy Unix compress format. compresslegacyarchivez consoletype Print the type of console connected to standard input. consoleterminalsystemtty continue Resume the next iteration of a shell loop. shellloopscriptcontrol flow convertquota Convert filesystem quota files between old and new formats. quotafilesystemdiskadmin cp Copy files and directories. filescopydirectoriesbackup cpio Copy files into or out of cpio archives. archivecpioinitramfsfiles createrepo Create RPM repository metadata. rpmrepositorymetadatayum crontab Install, edit, list, or remove user cron jobs. cronscheduleautomationjobs csplit Split files into sections based on context patterns. splittextpatternfile cu Connect to another system or serial line. serialmodemterminalconnection cupsdisable Stop a CUPS printer from processing queued jobs. cupsprinterdisablequeue cupsenable Enable a CUPS printer to process queued jobs. cupsprinterenablequeue curl Transfer data from or to URLs. httpurldownloadapi cut Extract columns, fields, or character ranges from text. textcolumnsfieldsdelimiter date Print or set the system date and time. timedateformatsystem dc Use a reverse Polish notation calculator. calculatorrpnmathshell dd Copy and convert raw data between files or devices. diskimagecopydevice declare Declare Bash variables and attributes. bashvariableshellscript depmod Generate kernel module dependency files. kernelmoduledependencieslinux df Show filesystem disk space usage. diskfilesystemspacestorage dhclient Request or renew an IP address using DHCP. networkconnectivityadmin dhcpd DHCP server daemon for automatic IP address assignment. dhcpnetworkipserver dhcrelay Relay DHCP and BOOTP requests between subnets. dhcprelaynetworkbootp diff Compare files line by line. comparefilespatchchanges diff3 Compare three files line by line. textfilterformat diffstat Display a histogram of diff output changes. diffstatisticspatchhistogram dig Query DNS records. dnsdomainlookupnetwork dircolors Configure colors used by ls. shellscriptbuiltin dirname Strip the last path component from a path. pathdirectoryscriptshell dirs Display the directory stack. shellbuiltindirectorystack disown Remove shell jobs from the current shell's job table. shelljobsbackgroundlogout dmesg Print kernel ring buffer messages. kernelboothardwarelogs dmidecode Read hardware information from DMI/SMBIOS tables. hardwarebiossysteminventory dnf Manage packages on Fedora, RHEL, and related systems. packageinstallupdatefedora dnsdomainname Show the DNS domain name of the system. dnsdomainhostnamenetwork docker Manage containers, images, networks, and volumes. containervirtualizationdeployimage domainname Show or set the NIS/YP domain name. nisdomainnetworkhostname dos2unix Convert text files from DOS line endings to Unix format. textfilterformat dpkg Install, inspect, and remove Debian package files. debianpackagedebinstall dpkg-deb Pack, unpack, and inspect Debian package archives. debianpackagedpkgarchive dpkg-divert Override the location of a package file during installation. debianpackagedpkgdiversion dpkg-preconfigure Pre-answer debconf questions for package installations. debianpackagedebconfpreconfiguration dpkg-query Query the dpkg package database for installed packages. debianpackagedpkgdatabase dpkg-reconfigure Reconfigure an already-installed Debian package. debianpackageconfigurationdebconf dpkg-split Split and reassemble large Debian package archives. debianpackagedpkgsplit dpkg-statoverride Override file ownership and permissions for dpkg-managed files. debianpackagedpkgpermissions dpkg-trigger Activate dpkg triggers for deferred package operations. debianpackagedpkgtrigger dris Display directory stack entries, kept for upstream compatibility. shelldirectorystacknavigation dstat Display combined system resource statistics. performancemonitoringcpudisk du Estimate file and directory disk usage. disksizedirectorystorage dump Back up ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems to tape or file. backupfilesystemexttape e2fsck Check ext2, ext3, and ext4 filesystems. diskfilesystemstorage e2label Show or change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem. filesystemextlabeldisk echo Print text or shell variable values. shellprinttextvariable ed The original Unix line-oriented text editor. editorlinetextscript edquota Edit user or group disk quotas. quotadiskusergroup egrep Search text using extended regular expressions (deprecated alias for grep -E). searchtextregexpattern eject Eject removable media. diskfilesystemstorage elinks Full-featured text-mode web browser. webbrowsertextterminal elm Command-line email client with full-screen interface. emailmailclientterminal emacs Extensible, customizable text editor and computing environment. editortextlispdevelopment enable Enable or disable shell builtins. shellscriptbuiltin env Show or run commands with environment variables. environmentvariableshellcommand ethtool Display or change Ethernet device settings. networkconnectivityadmin ex Line-oriented text editor, the base of vi. editorlinevitext exec Replace the shell with another command. shellscriptbuiltin exit Exit the current shell or script. shellscriptbuiltin expand Convert tabs to spaces. textfilterformat export Mark shell variables for child processes. shellvariableenvironmentscript exportfs Maintain the NFS exports table. nfsexportnetworkfilesystem expr Evaluate expressions in shell scripts. shellscriptbuiltin false Return an unsuccessful exit status. shellscriptbuiltin fc Edit and rerun shell history commands. shellscriptbuiltin fdisk View and edit disk partition tables. diskpartitionstorageadmin fg Bring a background or suspended job to the foreground. shelljobsforegroundprocess fgrep Search fixed strings in text. textfilterformat figlet Display large text banners using ASCII art fonts. textasciiartbanner file Identify a file's type from its contents. filetypeinspectmime find Search for files and directories by name, type, time, size, and more. filesdirectoriessearchdelete findfs Find a filesystem by label or UUID. filesystemlabeluuiddisk finger Show user information. systemadmininspect firewall-cmd Manage firewalld firewall rules. networkconnectivityadmin fish The Friendly Interactive Shell. shellterminalfishautosuggestion fishshell Friendly interactive shell with autosuggestions and rich completions. shellterminalfishcompletion fmt Reformat paragraph text. textfilterformat fold Wrap input lines to a specified width. textfilterformat fping Ping multiple hosts efficiently. networkconnectivityadmin free Show memory and swap usage. memoryramswapsystem fsck Check and repair Linux filesystems. filesystemrepairdiskcheck ftp Transfer files with the File Transfer Protocol. networkconnectivityadmin ftpcount Show current FTP server connection count. ftpserverconnectionscount ftpshut Schedule a ProFTPD server shutdown. ftpservershutdownschedule ftptop Real-time FTP server connection monitor. ftpservermonitorconnections ftpwho Display current FTP server session details. ftpserverconnectionsusers fuser Identify processes using files, directories, or sockets. processfilesporttroubleshoot gcc Compile C and related source code. developmentdebugbuild gcov Analyze code coverage from compiled programs. coveragetestinggccprofiling gdb Debug programs with the GNU Debugger. developmentdebugbuild get_module Retrieve information about a LILO boot module. lilobootmoduleconfiguration getcap Show file capabilities. securitypolicyverify getenforce Show the current SELinux enforcement mode. securitypolicyverify getent Query system databases such as passwd, group, and hosts. systemadmininspect getfacl Display file access control lists. userpermissionsadmin getsebool Get the current state of SELinux booleans. selinuxsecuritybooleanpolicy git Track source code changes and collaborate with repositories. version-controlrepositorycommitbranch gpasswd Administer group passwords and membership. userpermissionsadmin gpg Encrypt, decrypt, sign, and verify data with GnuPG. securitypolicyverify gpm Mouse server for the Linux console. mouseconsoleinputterminal grep Search text for lines matching a pattern. searchtextpatternlogs groupadd Create a local group. grouppermissionsaccountadmin groupdel Delete a local group. groupdeletepermissionsadmin groupmems Manage members of a user's own group. groupusermembershipshadow groupmod Modify a local group. grouprenamegidpermissions groups Print group memberships for users. groupuserpermissionsmembership grpck Verify the integrity of group and shadow password files. groupshadowverifyintegrity grpconv Convert group passwords to shadow group format. groupshadowconvertpassword grpunconv Restore group passwords from shadow to standard format. groupshadowunconvertpassword grub Interactive GRUB boot loader command shell. grubbootbootloadershell grub2-mkconfig Generate a GRUB 2 bootloader configuration. systemadmininspect grub2-set-default Set the default boot entry for GRUB2. grubbootdefaultkernel gunzip Decompress gzip files. decompressgzipextractfiles gzexe Compress executable files with transparent decompression. compressexecutablegzipbinary gzip Compress files using gzip. compressgziparchivefiles halt Stop the system. systemadmininspect hcitool Configure and query Bluetooth devices. bluetoothwirelessdevicehci hdparm View or tune hard disk parameters. diskfilesystemstorage head Print the beginning of files. textfilepreviewbeginning help Show help for shell builtins. helpmanualreference hexdump Display file bytes in hexadecimal and other formats. binaryhexinspectfiles history Show and reuse shell command history. shellhistorycommandsbash host Perform simple DNS lookups. dnslookupdomainip hostid Print the numeric identifier for the current host. hostidentifiernetworksystem hostname Show or set the system hostname. hostnamesystemnetworkidentity hostnamectl Show or set the system hostname and machine identity metadata. hostnamesystemdsystemidentity hping3 Craft and send custom TCP/IP packets. networkconnectivityadmin htdigest Manage user authentication files for HTTP digest authentication. apachehttpauthenticationdigest htop Display an interactive process viewer. processmonitorsignal htpasswd Manage Apache password files. securitypolicyverify hwclock Read or set the hardware clock. systemadmininspect iconv Convert text between character encodings. textencodingunicodeconvert id Show user ID, group ID, and group membership. useruidgidgroups ifcfg Configure network interface parameters via Wicd. networkinterfacewicdconfiguration ifconfig Show or configure network interfaces on older systems. networkinterfaceaddresslegacy ifdown Bring a network interface down. networkconnectivityadmin ifstat Show network interface statistics. networkconnectivityadmin iftop Show live bandwidth usage by network connection. networkbandwidthmonitortraffic ifup Bring a network interface up. networkconnectivityadmin indent Format C and C++ source code with consistent indentation. cformattingcodestyle info Read GNU info documentation. helpmanualreference init Initialize or change system runlevel on init systems. systemadmininspect inotifywait Wait for filesystem events. filesdirectoriespath insmod Insert a kernel module. systemadmininspect install Copy files and set attributes. filesdirectoriespath iostat Report CPU and disk IO statistics. performancediskcpumonitoring iotop Show live disk IO usage by process. diskioprocessmonitor ip Show and manage network interfaces, addresses, routes, and neighbors. networkinterfaceaddressroute ip6tables Configure IPv6 firewall rules using netfilter. ipv6firewallnetfiltersecurity ip6tables-restore Restore IPv6 firewall rules from a saved rule set. ipv6firewallnetfilterrestore ip6tables-save Save current IPv6 firewall rules for later restoration. ipv6firewallnetfiltersave ipcalc Calculate IP network information. networkconnectivityadmin ipcrm Remove System V IPC objects. systemadmininspect ipcs Show System V IPC objects. systemadmininspect iperf Measure network throughput. networkconnectivityadmin iptables Inspect and manage legacy Linux packet filtering rules. firewallpacketsnetworksecurity iptables-restore Restore IPv4 firewall rules from a saved rule set. ipv4firewallnetfilterrestore iptables-save Save current IPv4 firewall rules for later restoration. ipv4firewallnetfiltersave iptraf Real-time IP traffic monitoring and statistics. trafficmonitornetworkstatistics iptstate Display IP connection state table from netfilter. netfilterconnectiontrackingstate iscsiadm Manage iSCSI connections and targets. iscsistoragesannetwork ispell Interactive spelling checker for text files. spellcheckdictionarytext jed Lightweight text editor with syntax highlighting and S-Lang scripting. editortextprogrammingslang jobs List jobs running in the current shell. shelljobsbackgroundprocess joe Full-featured terminal text editor with WordStar-like keybindings. editortextterminalwordstar join Join lines of two files on a common field. textjoinfieldsmerge journalctl Read and filter systemd journal logs. logssystemdserviceboot jq Process and transform JSON data from the command line. jsonfiltertransformquery jwhois Query domain registration and IP address WHOIS information. whoisdomainiplookup kernelversion Print the currently running Linux kernel version. kernelversionsysteminfo kexec Load and boot a new kernel from the currently running system. kernelbootkexecreboot kill Send a signal to a process. processsignalstopterminate killall Send a signal to processes by name. processsignalnamestop l2ping Send L2CAP echo requests to Bluetooth devices. bluetoothpingl2capdevice last Show recent login sessions. systemadmininspect lastb Show failed login attempts. securitypolicyverify lastlog Show last login information for users. systemadmininspect ld The GNU linker; combine object files into executables or libraries. linkerobjectbinaryelf ldconfig Configure dynamic linker runtime bindings. systemadmininspect ldd Print shared library dependencies. developmentdebugbuild less View text files page by page with search and scrolling. textpagerviewsearch let Evaluate arithmetic expressions in the shell. shellscriptbuiltin lftp Sophisticated file transfer program supporting FTP, HTTP, and other protocols. ftpsftphttpdownload lftpget Download files using lftp with automatic protocol detection. downloadftphttpfile lha Extract and create LZH/LHA compressed archives. archivecompresslzhlha lilo LInux LOader; install and manage the bootloader. bootloaderbootlilombr ln Create hard links and symbolic links. linksymlinkhard linkfiles lnstat Show Linux kernel network statistics. networkstatskernelrouting local Declare a local variable in a shell function or script. shellvariablefunctionscope locate Find files using a filename database. filesdirectoriespath logger Write messages to the system log. logssystemtroubleshoot login Start a user login session. userpermissionsadmin logname Print the login name of the current user. userloginidentitywhoami logout Exit a login shell or terminate a session. shellexitsessionlogin logrotate Rotate, compress, and manage log files. logssystemtroubleshoot logsave Save command output to a log file while displaying on the terminal. logoutputteecapture logwatch Summarize and report system log activity. logreportmonitoringaudit look Display lines beginning with a string. textfilterformat losetup Set up and control loop devices for mounting files in images. loopdevicemountimage lp Print files. printerqueuejobs lpadmin Configure CUPS printers and classes. printercupsadminqueue lpc Line printer control; manage printer queues in CUPS/LPD. printerqueuelpdcups lpq Show print queue status. printerqueuejobs lpr Print files with BSD-style printing commands. printerqueuejobs lprm Remove jobs from a print queue. printerqueuejobs lpstat Show printer and print job status. printerqueuejobs ls List files and directories. filesdirectorieslistpermissions lsattr List file attributes on Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems. filesystemattributesext4immutable lsb_release Print Linux Standard Base (LSB) distribution information. distroversionreleaselsb lsblk List block devices such as disks and partitions. diskpartitionstorageblock-device lscpu Show CPU architecture and processor information. cpuarchitecturecoressystem lsmod List loaded Linux kernel modules. kernelmoduledriversystem lsof List open files and the processes using them. filesprocessportstroubleshoot lspci List PCI devices. systemadmininspect lsusb List USB devices. systemadmininspect ltrace Trace library calls made by a process. developmentdebugbuild lvcreate Create a logical volume in LVM. lvmlogical-volumediskstorage lvdisplay Show detailed information about LVM logical volumes. lvmlogical-volumediskdisplay lvextend Extend the size of an LVM logical volume. lvmlogical-volumeextendresize lvreduce Reduce the size of an LVM logical volume. lvmlogical-volumereduceshrink lvremove Remove LVM logical volumes. lvmlogical-volumeremovedelete lvresize Resize an LVM logical volume (extend or reduce). lvmlogical-volumeresizeextend lvscan Scan all disks for LVM logical volumes. lvmlogical-volumescandisk lynx Text-based web browser for the terminal. webbrowsertexthtml mail Send and receive email from the command line. emailmailsendreceive mailq Display the mail queue. mailqueuemtasendmail mailstat Show mail statistics from the mail log. mailstatslogpostfix make Build software from Makefiles. developmentdebugbuild man Read manual pages for commands and system interfaces. manualhelpdocsreference mapfile Read lines from stdin into an indexed array variable. shellarrayreadfile md5sum Compute or verify MD5 checksums. checksumhashmd5files mesg Control whether other users can write to your terminal. terminalwritemessagepermission mii-tool View and configure Media Independent Interface (NIC) settings. networknicethernetlink mkbootdisk Create a boot floppy disk for the current kernel. bootfloppyrescuekernel mkcert Create locally trusted TLS/SSL certificates for development. tlssslcertificatehttps mkdir Create directories. directorycreatefilesystempath mke2fs Create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem. filesystemext2ext3ext4 mkfs Create a filesystem on a device or partition. filesystemformatdiskpartition mkinitrd Create an initial RAM disk image for booting. initrdinitramfsbootkernel mkisofs Create ISO 9660 filesystem images (CD/DVD images). isocdromimagearchive mknod Create block or character device special files. deviceblockcharactermknod mkswap Set up a Linux swap area on a device or file. swapmemorydiskpartition mktemp Create temporary files or directories safely. filesdirectoriespath modetest Test DRM/KMS display modes on Linux. drmkmsdisplaygpu modinfo Show information about a Linux kernel module. kernelmoduledriversystem modprobe Add or remove Linux kernel modules. kernelmoduledriversystem more View text one screen at a time. textfilterformat mount Attach filesystems into the Linux directory tree. filesystemmountdiskusb mpstat Report CPU usage statistics, per-processor if available. cpuperformancemonitoringprocessor mtools Access MS-DOS filesystems (FAT) from the command line. fatdosfloppymtools mtr Network diagnostic tool combining ping and traceroute. networkpingtraceroutediagnostic mv Move or rename files and directories. filesmoverenamedirectories mysql Open a MySQL client session. databaseclientbackup mysqladmin MySQL/MariaDB administration tool. mysqlmariadbdatabaseadmin mysqldump Back up MySQL databases. databaseclientbackup mysqlimport Import data files into MySQL/MariaDB tables. mysqlmariadbimportdata mysqlshow Display database, table, and column information for MySQL/MariaDB. mysqlmariadbdatabaseschema named-checkzone Check BIND DNS zone file syntax and validity. dnsbindzonevalidate nano Simple, terminal-based text editor. editortextterminalnano nc Read and write network connections from the command line. networkporttcptroubleshoot ncdu NCurses Disk Usage; interactive disk usage analyzer. diskusagencursesanalyze ncftp Feature-rich FTP client with tab completion and batch features. ftptransferclientupload neofetch Display system information in the terminal with an ASCII logo. systeminfofetchascii nethogs Monitor per-process network bandwidth usage. networkmonitorbandwidthprocess netstat Show network connections, routing tables, and listening ports. networksocketportroute newusers Create multiple users from a file in batch mode. usercreatebatchaccount nfsstat Display NFS (Network File System) statistics. nfsstatsmountperformance nft Manage nftables firewall rules. firewallnftablespacketssecurity ngrep Network grep; search network traffic for patterns. networkgreppacketcapture nice Run a command with adjusted scheduling priority. processprioritycpuscheduling nisdomainname Show or set the NIS (Network Information Service) domain name. nisdomainnetworkyellow-pages nl Number lines of files. line-numbersnumberingtextfile nm List symbols from object files, executables, and libraries. symbolsobject filesdebugginglinking nmap Network exploration tool and security scanner. networkscanportssecurity nmcli Manage NetworkManager connections. networkconnectivityadmin nmtui Text user interface for configuring NetworkManager. networkconfigurationnmclinetworkmanager nohup Run a command immune to hangups after logout. backgroundprocesslogoutlong-running nologin Shell that prevents a user from logging in. userssecurityloginshell nproc Print the number of processing units available. cpucoresthreadsprocessing nslookup Query DNS records interactively or directly. dnslookupdomainresolver nstat Display network statistics from kernel SNMP counters. networksnmpstatisticskernel ntpdate Set system time by synchronizing with NTP servers. ntptimesynchronizationclock ntsysv Configure which SysV services start at boot. servicesinitbootrunlevel objdump Display information from object files and executables. binarydisassemblyelfobject files od Dump files in octal, hexadecimal, decimal, or character formats. binarydumpinspectfiles openssl Cryptography toolkit for TLS/SSL, certificates, and encryption. ssltlscertificatesencryption pacman Manage packages on Arch Linux and related systems. packageinstallupdatearch parted Partition table editor for disk devices. partitionsdiskgptmbr partprobe Notify the kernel of partition table changes. partitionskerneludevdisk passwd Change user passwords and password status. passworduseraccountsecurity paste Merge lines from files side by side. textcolumnsmergefiles patch Apply changes from a diff file. diffpatchfilessource pathchk Check file path names for validity or portability. pathsfilenamesvalidationportable perl Practical Extraction and Report Language interpreter. scriptingtext processingregexcpan pfctl Control the OpenBSD Packet Filter firewall. firewallpacket filterbsdopenbsd pgrep Find process IDs by name or attributes. processpidsearchname php PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor command-line interpreter. phpscriptingwebcli pico Simple text editor (usually symlinked to nano). editortextterminalconsole pidof Find the process ID of a running program. pidprocessrunningfind pidstat Report statistics for Linux processes and threads. monitoringperformancecpumemory pigz Parallel implementation of gzip compression. compressiongzipparallelmulticore ping Test network reachability with ICMP echo requests. networkconnectivitylatencyicmp ping6 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to IPv6 network hosts. ipv6pingicmpnetwork pip Package installer for Python packages (PyPI). pythonpackagespypiinstall pkexec Execute a command as another user with PolicyKit. privilegespolkitsudoauthentication pkill Send signals to processes selected by name or attributes. processsignalnamestop pmap Display memory map of a process. memoryprocessmappingaddress space popd Remove a directory from the shell directory stack. shellscriptbuiltin poweroff Power off the system. shutdownpoweroffhaltreboot ppp-off Disconnect a PPP connection. pppdialupmodemconnection pr Format text files for printing or column output. formattingcolumnsprintpagination printf Print formatted text. printformatshellscript protoize Add ANSI C prototypes to legacy C source code. cprototypingansiconversion prtstat Display process statistics from the proc filesystem. processstatisticsprocstatus ps Show running processes. processpidinspectsystem pssh Parallel SSH for executing commands on multiple hosts. sshparallelremoteexecution pstack Print stack traces of a running process. stacktraceprocessdebugging pstree Display a tree of running processes. processestreehierarchyparent pushd Add a directory to the shell directory stack. shellscriptbuiltin pv Monitor the progress of data through a pipeline. progresspipemonitoringthroughput pvchange Change attributes of an LVM physical volume. lvmphysical volumepvmetadata pvck Check LVM physical volume metadata for consistency. lvmphysical volumecheckrepair pvcreate Initialize a disk or partition for use with LVM. lvmphysical volumeinitializepv pvdisplay Display detailed information about LVM physical volumes. lvmphysical volumedisplaypv pvremove Remove an LVM physical volume label. lvmphysical volumeremovelabel pvs Report information about LVM physical volumes. lvmphysical volumereportpv pvscan Scan all disks for LVM physical volumes. lvmphysical volumescandiscovery pwck Verify the integrity of the password file. userspasswordssecurityverification pwconv Convert passwords to shadow passwords. userspasswordsshadowsecurity pwd Print the current working directory. directorypathnavigationshell pwdx Show the current working directory of a process. processworking directorycwdproc pwunconv Convert shadow passwords back to traditional format. userspasswordsshadowconversion quota Display disk usage and limits for users or groups. quotadiskusagelimits quotacheck Scan filesystems for disk usage and create quota files. quotadiskfilesystemusage quotaoff Disable filesystem disk quotas. quotadiskdisablefilesystem quotaon Enable filesystem disk quotas. quotadiskenablefilesystem rcconf Debian runlevel configuration tool. servicesrunleveldebiansysv rcp Remote file copy (deprecated, use scp or rsync). remotecopyrshdeprecated read Read input into shell variables. shellscriptbuiltin readelf Display ELF file structure information. elfbinaryexecutablesections readlink Print symbolic link targets or canonical paths. symlinkpathresolvelink readonly Mark shell variables and functions as read-only. shellvariablesbashreadonly realpath Print resolved absolute paths. pathabsolutesymlinkresolve reboot Restart the system. systemadmininspect reject Reject print jobs to a printer queue. printingcupslpdqueue rename Rename multiple files using a Perl expression. renamebatchfilesregex renice Change the priority of running processes. processprioritycpuscheduling reposync Synchronize yum/dnf repositories to a local directory. repositoriesyumdnfmirror repquota Report disk quota usage for users and groups. quotadiskreportusage resize Set terminal window size for remote sessions. terminalconsolextermssh restore Restore files from a backup created with dump. backuprestoredumpfilesystem restorecon Restore SELinux security context on files. selinuxsecuritycontextpolicy return Return from a shell function. shellscriptbuiltin rev Reverse characters in each line of a file. textreversecolumnscharacters rexec Execute commands on a remote host using the rexec protocol. remoteexecutionnetworkrsh rlogin Connect to a remote host using the rlogin protocol. remoteloginnetworklegacy rm Remove files and directories. filesdeleteremovedirectories rmdir Remove empty directories. directoryremoveemptyfilesystem rmmod Remove a module from the Linux kernel. kernelmoduledriverremove route Show or change the legacy kernel routing table. networkroutegatewaylegacy rpm Install, query, verify, and remove RPM package files. packageinstallqueryrpm rpm2cpio Convert an RPM package to a cpio archive. rpmcpioextractpackage rpmbuild Build RPM packages from spec files. rpmbuildpackagespec rpmdb Rebuild or manage the RPM database. rpmdatabaserebuildpackage rpmquery Query the RPM database or package files. rpmquerypackagemetadata rpmsign Sign RPM packages with a GPG signature. rpmsigngpgpackage rpmverify Verify installed RPM packages against the database. rpmverifypackageintegrity rsh Execute commands on a remote host via the rsh protocol. remoteshellnetworklegacy rsync Efficiently copy and synchronize files locally or over SSH. synccopybackupssh runlevel Show the current and previous system runlevel. runlevelinitsysvsystemd sar Collect and report historical system activity. performancemonitoringcpuhistory scp Copy files between machines over SSH. sshcopyremotefiles screen Run persistent terminal sessions that can be detached and resumed. terminalsessiondetachremote script Record terminal sessions to a file. terminalrecordtypescriptsession scriptreplay Replay terminal sessions recorded by script. terminalreplaytypescripttiming sed Edit text streams using patterns and substitutions. textreplacestreamfilter seinfo Query SELinux policy components and statistics. selinuxpolicysecurityquery semanage Manage SELinux policy configurations. selinuxpolicymanagementsecurity sendmail Sendmail Mail Transfer Agent (MTA). mailmtasendmailsmtp seq Print a sequence of numbers. numberssequenceloopscript service Run legacy init service scripts. serviceinitsystemlegacy sesearch Search SELinux policy rules. selinuxpolicysearchrules set Show or set shell options and positional parameters. shellscriptbuiltin setfacl Set file access control lists (ACLs). filespermissionsaclaccess setpci Configure PCI device registers. pcihardwaredeviceconfiguration setsebool Set SELinux boolean values. selinuxbooleanpolicysecurity setsid Run a command in a new session. processsessiondaemonprocess-group sftp Transfer files interactively over SSH. sshtransferfilesremote sftp-server SFTP server subsystem for SSH. sftpsshfile-transferserver sh The POSIX shell command interpreter. shellcommandinterpreterposix sha256sum Compute or verify SHA-256 checksums. checksumhashverifyfiles shift Shift shell positional parameters. shellscriptbuiltin shopt Set Bash shell options. shellscriptbuiltin showmount Show NFS server export and mount information. nfsmountexportnetwork shuf Generate random permutations of input lines. shufflerandomsorttext shutdown Shut down or reboot the system. systemadmininspect skill Send signals to processes based on name or criteria. processsignalkillname slabtop Display kernel slab cache information in real time. kernelmemoryslabcache sleep Pause for a specified amount of time. delaywaitscripttime slocate Securely locate files on the filesystem. locatesearchfilesdatabase smartmontools Monitor and control storage system S.M.A.R.T. data. smartdiskmonitoringhealth smbclient SMB/CIFS filesystem access client. smbcifssambafile-sharing smbpasswd Change SMB password for a Samba user. sambapasswordsmbuser sort Sort lines of text. textsortlinesnumeric sosreport Collect system configuration and diagnostic information. diagnosticssupportsystemreport source Run shell commands from a file in the current shell. shellscriptbuiltin speedtest-cli Command-line interface for internet bandwidth testing. speedtestbandwidthnetworkinternet spell Check text for spelling errors. spellspellingtextdictionary split Split a file into smaller pieces. filesplitchunkslarge-files squid Squid caching proxy server. proxycachewebsquid squidclient HTTP client for monitoring and managing Squid proxy. squidproxyclientmanagement ss Inspect network sockets and listening ports. networksocketportlistening ssh Connect securely to a remote machine. sshremoteloginshell ssh-add Add private keys to the SSH authentication agent. sshauthenticationkeyagent ssh-agent SSH authentication agent for managing private keys. sshagentauthenticationkey ssh-copy-id Install a public SSH key on a remote host. sshkeyauthenticationremote ssh-keygen Generate, inspect, and manage SSH keys. sshkeysecurityauthentication ssh-keyscan Gather SSH public host keys from remote servers. sshkeyscanhost-keyknown-hosts sshd OpenSSH SSH daemon for secure remote login. sshdaemonremotesecure sshpass Non-interactive SSH password authentication. sshpasswordautomationnon-interactive startx Start the X Window System graphical environment. x11graphicaldisplayxorg stat Show detailed file or filesystem metadata. filemetadatapermissionstimestamp strace Trace system calls and signals. developmentdebugbuild strings Extract printable strings from binary or text files. binarystringsextractreverse-engineering stty Change and report terminal line settings. terminalttysettingsserial su Switch user or run a shell as another user. userrootshelllogin sudo Run a command with another user's privileges. rootadminprivilegessecurity sum Compute and verify file checksums. checksumfileintegritysum supervisord Process control system for managing background processes. supervisorprocessdaemonmanagement suspend Suspend the current shell session. shellsuspendjob-controlbuiltin swapoff Disable a swap device or file. swapmemorydiskstorage swapon Enable a swap device or file. swapmemorydiskstorage sync Flush filesystem buffers. diskfilesystemstorage sysctl Configure kernel parameters at runtime. kernelparameterssysctlsystem syslog System logging and syslog daemon management. logsyslogrsyslogsyslog-ng systemctl Inspect and control systemd services and units. systemdservicestartstop systool View system device information from sysfs. sysfsdeviceshardwarebus tac Concatenate and print files in reverse line order. reversecattextlines tail Print the end of files and follow growing logs. textfilelogsfollow tailf Follow the growth of a log file in real time. logfollowtailreal-time talk Two-way text-based chat with another user. talkchatmessagingcommunication tar Create, list, and extract tar archives. archivecompressextractbackup tcpdump Capture and analyze network packets in real time. packetcapturenetworkanalysis tcpreplay Replay network traffic from pcap files. tcpreplaypacketreplaypcap tee Read standard input and write it to files and standard output. pipeoutputfileslogging telinit Change the system runlevel or send signals to init. initrunlevelsystemdsysvinit telnet User interface to the Telnet remote login protocol. telnetremoteterminalnetwork tempfile Create a temporary file safely. temptemporaryfilecreate test Evaluate conditional expressions. shellscriptbuiltin tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol client. tftpnetworkfile transferudp time Measure command execution time. shellscriptbuiltin timedatectl Control system time, date, and timezone. timedatetimezonentp timeout Run a command with a time limit. timelimitprocessscript times Show shell and child process times. shellscriptbuiltin tload Display system load average as a terminal graph. loadmonitorgraphterminal tmux Terminal multiplexer for managing multiple sessions. terminalmultiplexersessionsplit top Monitor processes and system resource usage live. processmonitorcpumemory touch Create empty files or update file timestamps. filecreatetimestampmtime tput Query and modify terminal capabilities. terminalterminfodisplaycursor tr Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from standard input. textcharactersreplacedelete tracepath Trace the network path to a host with MTU discovery. networktraceroutemtu traceroute Show the network path packets take to a host. networkroutelatencyhops trap Execute commands when signals or events occur. shellsignalhandlercleanup tree Display directories as an indented tree. directoryfileslisttree true Return a successful exit status. shellscriptbuiltin tty Print the terminal device filename. terminalttydevicefilename type Show how the shell resolves a command name. shellbuiltinaliaspath ufw Manage a simple firewall on Ubuntu and related systems. firewallsecurityportsubuntu ulimit Show or set shell resource limits. shellscriptbuiltin umask Set default file permission mask. userpermissionsadmin umount Detach a mounted filesystem. diskfilesystemusbunmount unalias Remove shell aliases. shellscriptbuiltin uname Print system and kernel information. systemkernelarchitectureversion unarj Extract files from ARJ archives. arjarchiveextractcompression uncompress Decompress .Z files created by compress. compressdecompress.Zlzw unexpand Convert spaces to tabs. textconvertspacestabs uniq Filter adjacent duplicate lines. textduplicateuniquecount unlink Remove a file using the unlink system call. fileremovedeleteunlink unprotoize Remove ANSI C function prototypes from source files. gcccprototypeansi unrar Extract, test, and list RAR archive files. rararchiveextractcompression unset Unset shell variables or functions. shellscriptbuiltin unzip List, test, and extract ZIP archives. zipextractarchivefiles updatedb Update the locate/mlocate database. locatedatabasesearchfiles uptime Show how long the system has been running and load average. systemloaduptimeusers useradd Create a local user account. useraccountadminlogin userdel Delete a local user account. useraccountdeleteadmin usermod Modify an existing local user account. useraccountgroupshell usernetctl Control user-managed network interfaces. networkinterfaceusercontrol users Show logged-in users. systemadmininspect uucico UUCP file transfer daemon. uucptransferdaemonserial uupick Process incoming UUCP files. uucpincomingfilesretrieve uuto Send files to another user via UUCP. uucpsendfilesuser vdfuse Mount VirtualBox VDI disk images via FUSE. virtualboxvdimountfuse vgchange Change attributes of LVM volume groups. lvmvolume groupactivatedeactivate vgconvert Convert LVM volume group metadata format. lvmvolume groupconvertmetadata vgcreate Create an LVM volume group. lvmvolume groupcreatepv vgdisplay Display LVM volume group information. lvmvolume groupdisplaystatus vgextend Add physical volumes to an LVM volume group. lvmvolume groupextendadd vgreduce Remove physical volumes from an LVM volume group. lvmvolume groupreduceremove vgremove Remove an LVM volume group. lvmvolume groupremovedelete vgrename Rename an LVM volume group. lvmvolume grouprename vgscan Scan all disks for LVM volume groups. lvmvolume groupscandiscover vi The classic modal text editor. editortextmodalex vmstat Report memory, process, paging, block IO, and CPU activity. performancememorycpumonitoring volname Print the volume name of an ISO 9660 image. isovolumenamecdrom w Show logged-in users and what they are doing. userloginprocessload wait Wait for background processes to finish. processwaitbackgroundshell wall Broadcast a message to logged-in users. systemadmininspect watch Run a command repeatedly and display the output. monitorrepeatcommandterminal wc Count lines, words, bytes, and characters. textcountlineswords wget Download files from the web. downloadwebhttpmirror whatis Display one-line manual page descriptions. manhelpdocumentationsearch whereis Locate binary, source, and manual files. pathbinarymanualsource which Show the path of a command found in PATH. pathexecutablecommandshell who Show users currently logged in. userloginsessionsystem whoami Print the current effective username. useridentityshellpermissions write Send a message to another user's terminal. messageuserterminaltalk xargs Build command lines from standard input. pipeargumentscommandfiles xauth Manage X server authentication credentials. x11authauthenticationxserver xclip Command-line interface to the X clipboard. x11clipboardcopypaste xhost Control X server access permissions. x11accesssecuritypermission xinit Initialize an X session and start a client. x11xserverstartxdisplay xlsatoms List interned atoms defined on the X server. x11atominternproperty xlsclients List client applications connected to the X server. x11clientsdisplaylist xlsfonts List fonts available to the X server. x11fontslistxserver xrandr Configure X server display outputs and resolutions. x11displayresolutionmonitor xset Set X server user preferences. x11preferencesscreensaverdpms xz Compress or decompress files using XZ compression. compressxzarchivefiles yes Repeatedly print a string. shellscriptbuiltin ypdomainname Print or set the NIS/YP domain name. nisypdomainnetwork yum Manage packages on older RHEL and CentOS systems. packageinstallupdatecentos zcat Read compressed files without decompressing to disk. gzipcompressdecompressread zfore Force compressed files to have a .gz extension. gziprenameextensioncompress zip Package and compress files into a ZIP archive. zipcompressarchivefiles zipinfo List detailed information about ZIP archives. ziparchiveinfolist zipsplit Split a ZIP archive into smaller parts. zipsplitarchiveparts znew Recompress .Z files to .gz format. compressgziprecompressconvert